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In some scenarios, levels of both formaldehyde and acrolein were above OEHHA safety standards for bar employees. One study, for example, found that under most conditions, someone vaping at home all day didn’t change the air quality a terrible amount unless they vaped intensely at a high voltage. At that point, levels of formaldehyde exceeded limits set by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), though other compounds didn’t come close.
Health officials concerns
For a long time, e-cigarettes and other electronic aerosolizers weren’t regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They only came under the purview of the FDA in 2016, after they had been on the market for nearly a decade. Prior to that, it was the Wild West, where a variety of companies started making and selling products with their own personal spin.
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E-cigarettes increase particulate matter in the rooms in which people smoke them. The particulate matter the researchers found was very fine, with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers. What Burstyn means is that the exposure to toxic chemicals in secondhand vapor is so slight as to pose no real threat. Whatever the risk may be to the users themselves, it is 10 or 100, or even 1,000 or 10,000, times lower for the bystander.
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A 2015 study suggests that people who vape nicotine are more likely to become dependent on nicotine than people who vape nicotine-free fluids. The 2018 NAP report found that there’s some evidence that e-cigarette exposure has adverse effects on the respiratory system. However, the researchers concluded that, overall, vaping is thought to be less harmful to the heart than smoking cigarettes. However, they found that people who smoked conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes were more likely to have heart disease. The authors also described moderate evidence suggesting that taking a puff from an e-cigarette increases blood pressure.
Similarly, a 2014 review reported that vaping may trigger gum, mouth, and throat irritation. The full magnitude of effects of toxic e-cigarette ingredients may not be known for another three decades. In particular, a 2015 study examined the effects of flavored e-juices on both human lung cells and lung cells in mice.
According to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 40% of U.S. adults believe that children’s exposure to secondhand aerosol from e-cigarettes causes only some or little harm—and 5% think it causes no harm at all. With more teens than ever now vaping, it seems like the younger folks who are more at risk. A third of high-schoolers and middle-schoolers reported that they were exposed to vaping aerosol in 2018. The Surgeon General reported last year that e-cigarette use among young people qualifies as an epidemic. Plus, Phillip Morris and Juul are now being sued for deceptive marketing tactics designed to promote their products to minors.
Vaping isn’t harmless, as manufacturers would want you to believe, and you should do everything you can to limit your exposure. Rather, the “vapor” is comprised of nicotine and other harmful toxins that are known to cause cancer. Studies show the components of the vapor have detected ultrafine particles that are more concentrated than the same particles found in cigarette smoke. Nicotine-free e-juice contains a number of potentially toxic chemicals, such as base liquids and flavoring agents. More research needs to be done to understand the long-term health effects of secondhand exposure to e-cigarette vapor. For instance, a 2018 study reported that exposure to e-cigarette aerosol makes teeth surfaces more prone to developing bacteria.
Because of the accelerated growth, a weak point may blister and develop at the top of the lungs. But both vaping and smoking increase the risk of bursting which can lead to lung collapse. Signs of a collapsed lung include sharp chest or shoulder pain, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Treating a collapsed lung may require a chest tube, surgery, and/or bed rest. Finally, a 2017 review of the cardiovascular effects of vaping indicates that e-cigarettes may pose certain risks to the heart and circulatory system, notably for people who already have some form of heart disease. Vaping is often thought of as safer than cigarette smoking, but vaping causes health problems, too.
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Children, of course, don’t get to make an informed choice about what they breathe, so vapers should use good judgement and be more cautious than they might be around adults. There are no secondhand vapor studies that specifically measure the lung functions of babies or young children after daily vape inhalation. This brief exposure probably isn’t a huge deal, but secondhand vape aerosol (the “smoke” from vaping) is definitely a thing, even if it smells like candy. In this study, researchers report that the increased heart failure risk linked to e-cigarette use was statistically significant for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Conversely, the association was not significant for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
The impacts of e-cigs on indoor air quality are also similar to, if not greater than, other combustion-free nicotine delivery systems, such as waterpipe and “heat-not-burn” products (40, 41, 113). The PM2.5 concentrations of 600 to 800 μg/m3, as reported in vape shops and vaping conventions (97, 125), are about twice as high as those in hookah bars (148). In comparison, the PM2.5 concentrations observed across a wide range of common indoor environments without e-cigs, such as homes, offices, schools, and daycare, are from 8 to 52 μg/m3 (95). Most human studies on the respiratory system examine the effects of short-term (≤1 h) exposure among a small number of healthy subjects (Table 1). Lung function is one of the most commonly studied end points, but the results of different studies are inconsistent. Active e-cig use by healthy t-cig smokers over 5 min slightly but significantly reduced lung function measures [i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25%] in a randomized crossover trial (34).
Even low levels of nicotine exposure can make teens more likely to get addicted to other substances, experiment with risky behaviour, or develop mental health problems. We know nicotine and other ingredients in e-liquids can hurt your body and we still don’t know what long-term health problems vaping could cause. There are online resources, texting and phone services and apps that connect you with real people to help you on your journey to kick the habit.
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